Featured in Medical Construction & Design, November 2014.
Not one of us undergoes a surgical procedure with the hope of walking out the door with an infection along with their medical bill. Unfortunately, incidents of infections from healthcare facilities do occur, and opportunities for increased incidence are growing with surge of Ambulatory Surgical Centers (ASCs) throughout the United States.
Oftentimes, Ambulatory Surgery Centers are multidisciplinary, focusing on higher efficiency of care through flexible use of space and resources. As growth of ASCs continues to rise, situations like Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome (TASS), which spiked with the last decade, may occur more often as the complexity and breadth of surgical services offered is on the increase. However significant measures to reduce risks, lower costs and improve quality of care can be realized with the adoption of “process driven” design and planning, regardless of a project’s size and budget.
Case Study: It’s All About the Flow
Recently, Array Architects had the privilege to work with a prominent healthcare provider to update an established outpatient surgery center that was in need of intervention to improve efficiency and outcomes. This particular ASC has served a very enthusiastic group of multi-disciplinary clinical and facility staff for over 30 years. The group was eager to share their knowledge and wish list, and more than ready to embrace the latest industry guidance and best practices. With an addition of a procedure room dedicated to ophthalmology, it is not surprising that one of the top design priorities was to modify the sterile processing department (SPD) to include safe processing of eye instruments. Ideally, intraocular instruments would be cleaned separately from nonophthalmologic surgical instruments, as recommended by The American Academy of Ophthalmology (Academy) and the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS) to reduce risks of TASS outbreaks similar to those in 2005-2006.
As with all renovation projects, traditional limitations such as footprint, budget, operational efficiency and aggressive schedule is top of mind for Array’s design team. Array’s initial assessment of current conditions indicated that lack of physical separation resulted in multiple opportunities for cross-contamination. To date, the healthcare provider/ organization had successfully managed the risks during the facility’s operating history using heightened procedural controls. However, to effectively adopt and maximize the benefits of the latest guidance without a duplicate SPD department, Array advocated for a limited redesign of the SPD area by engaging the clinical group in a process-centered, risk-based approach.
The (Not So) Dirty Details
Modern sterilization of instruments is typically completed in multiple steps, contained in three distinct areas: soil work area, clean work area and sterile storage. Soiled instruments are dropped off at soil work area for decontamination where instruments are sorted, washed and cleaned manually and/or mechanically and disinfected as appropriate. Next, clean instruments are inspected and assembled in sets, in preparation for sterilization if required. Packaged instruments then undergo the sterilization process to destroy harmful microorganisms. Finally, sterile packages of instruments are transferred to sterile storage areas, ready to be issued. Each instrument is processed through a linear path from soiled to clean then sterile, but a variety of equipment is utilized and shared at each stage to meet requirements of individual instruments.
As we studied the workflow of instrument processing in this particular facility, we found that a vast majority of instruments required very similar paths. After sorting, all reusable instruments were manually washed at clean-up sinks as a very first step of processing, then further cleaned and/or disinfected in one of three machines. In clean work area, all instruments requiring sterilization were inspected and wrapped, then sterilized in steam or plasma sterilizers prior to storage. While there is not a lot of equipment in this particular department, the workflow diagram below highlighted several potential risks in the current sterile processing approach that could be addressed. These included:
Figure 1 – Sterile Processing Department Workflow
We also discovered that eye instruments only follow a distinct processing path in the decontamination area, where instruments are dirtiest and the quality is mostly likely to suffer if debris were inadvertently shared with other instruments.
With a clear understanding of this department’s detail workflow, Array’s team was able to quickly create the following diagram to illustrate how a limited separation and careful positioning of clean-up sinks in decontamination can create an effective and safe workflow. In this concept, eye instruments complete the entire two-step manual and ultrasonic cleaning process with little risk of cross contamination. Once cleaned, all instruments are then inspected, packaged and sterilized alongside other instruments, maximizing efficiency of staff and equipment at the clean work area of the department.
Figure 2 – Sterile Processing Future State Diagram
After receiving input from all stakeholders, the group worked together to develop a detailed layout utilizing actual equipment specifications and facility dimensions as shown below. Clinical and SPD team were immediately excited about this design, as desired separation between general and eye instruments were achieved without any impact in departmental operations and staffing. The facility team was satisfied to meet latest industry guidance while limiting major renovation scope to meet fast-paced project schedule.
Figure 3 – Decontamination Area Layout
Small Steps Can Make a Big Impact
Healthcare design, whether for hospitals, clinics, or ASCs, results in long-term and daily changes. It is even more critical for architects and designers to listen carefully to clients’ needs and to effectively understand their perspectives. Only then can we discover the most impactful opportunities to enhance our clients’ ability to deliver care while meeting the project’s financial and schedule goals. Even a seemingly minor facility renovation project can present significant opportunities for repeatable improvement on clinical operations, safety and renew patient satisfaction.
Interested in an in-depth case study of one Specialty Surgery Center? Click below to download!